Book Chapters
Freeman MC. (2015) WASH in schools. In: Bartram J, (editor). Routledge handbook of water and health. Routledge, New York
Helian S, Brumback B, Freeman MC, Rheingans R (2015) Structural nested models for cluster-randomized trials. In: Ha H, Pan W, Din C, (editors). Statistical causal inferences and their applications in public health research. Springer, Switzerland.Reports and Resources
Commentaries
179. Commissioners of the Lancet Commission on Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene, and Health^. The Lancet Commission on water, sanitation, and hygiene, and health. The Lancet. 2021; Sept. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(21)02005-5
178. Dixit SM, Sarr M, Gueye DM, Muther K, Yarnko TR, Bednarczyk RA, Clarke AT, Diakhite F, Diallo A, Dounebaine B, Duwadi SB, Ellis AE, Fullman N, Gerthe N, Gautam J, Hester KA, Ikilezi G, Mbengue RS, Mboup S, Ndiaye BP, RajbhandariRM, Phillips DE, Freeman MC. Addressing disruptions in childhood routine immunisation services during the COVID-19 pandemic: perspectives from Nepal, Senegal and Liberia. BMJ Global Health. 2021; Jul; 6(7): e005031. Doi: 10.1136/bmjgh-2021-005031. PMID: 34230065 PMCID: PMC8264163
177. Freeman MC & Caruso BA. Hygiene guidance and action needed for water scarce communities during the COVID-19 pandemic. Environmental Health Perspectives. 2020; 128(9)
176. Caruso BA & Freeman MC. Shared sanitation and the spread of COVID-19: Risks and Next Steps. Lancet Planetary Health. 2020; 4(5): e173. doi: 10.1016/S2542-5196(20)30086-3. PMID: 32442489; PMCID: PMC7237180.
Journal Articles
Represents work by student or recent graduate; § Represents senior or co-senior authorship
2023
175. Caruso BA, Snyder JS, Cumming O, Mills JE, Gordon B, Rogers H, Freeman MC§, Wolfe M. Synthesising the evidence for effective hand hygiene in community settings: an integrated protocol for multiple related systematic reviews. BMJ open. 2023 Nov 1;13(11):e077677.
174. Shioda K, Brouwer A, Lamar F, Mucache HN, Levy K, Freeman MC§. Opportunities to interrupt transmission of enteropathogens of poultry origin in Mpauto, Mozambique: a transmission modeling analysis. 2023 Nov 1;131(11):117004. PMID: 37910131 PMCID: PMC10619637 doi: 10.1289/EHP12314
173. Lamar F, Mucache HN, Mondlane-Milisse A, Jesser KJ, Victor C, Fafetine JM, Saíde JÂ, Fèvre EM, Caruso BA, Freeman MC§, Levy K. Quantifying Enteropathogen Contamination along Chicken Value Chains in Maputo, Mozambique: A Multidisciplinary and Mixed-Methods Approach to Identifying High Exposure Settings. Environmental Health Perspectives. 2023 Nov 14;131(11):117007. PMID: 37962439. PMCID: PMC10644898 doi: 10.1289/EHP11761
172. Das R, Palit P, Haque MA, Levine MM, Kotloff KL, Nasrin D, Hossain MJ, Sur D, Ahmed T, Breiman RF, Freeman MC§. Symptomatic and asymptomatic enteric protozoan parasitic infection and their association with subsequent growth parameters in under five children in South Asia and sub-Saharan Africa. PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases. 2023 Oct 10;17(10):e0011687.
171. Sakas Z, Hester KA, Ellis A, Ogutu EA, Rodriguez K, Bednarczyk R, Dixit S, Kilembe W, Sarr M, Freeman MC§. Critical success factors for high routine immunisation performance: a qualitative analysis of interviews and focus groups from Nepal, Senegal, and Zambia. BMJ open. 2023 Oct 1;13(10):e070541
170. Escoffery C, Ogutu EA, Sakas Z, Hester KA, Ellis A, Rodriguez K, Jaishwal C, Yang C, Dixit S, Bose A, Sarr M, Kilembe W, Bednarczyk RA, Freeman MC§ Drivers of early childhood vaccination success in Nepal, Senegal, and Zambia: a multiple case study analysis using the Consolidated Framework for Implementation Research. Implement Sci Commun 2023; 4, 109. https://doi.org/10.1186/s43058-023-00489-1
169. Hester KA, Sakas Z, Ogutu EA, Dixit S, Ellis AS, Yang C, Chanda C, Orenstein WA, Sarr M, Freeman MC, Bednarczyk RA. Critical interventions for demand generation in Zambia, Nepal, and Senegal with regards to the 5C psychosocial antecedents of vaccination. Vaccine: X doi:10.1016/j.vacx.2023.100341
168. Wolf J, et al Freeman MC, et al, Cumming O. Burden of disease attributable to unsafe drinking water, sanitation and hygiene in domestic settings: a global analysis for selected adverse health outcomes. 2023 The Lancet. Jun 5:2023 doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(23)00458-0. Epub ahead of print. PMID: 37290458
167. Ross I, Bick S, Ayieko P, Dreibelbis R, Wolf J, Freeman MC, Allen E, Brauer M, Cumming O. Effectiveness of handwashing with soap for preventing acute respiratory infections in low-income and middle-income countries: a systematic review and meta-analysis. The Lancet. 2023 Apr 27. PMID: 37121242
166. Kann RS, Snyder JS, Woreta M, Zewudie K, Freeman MC, Delea MG, 2023. Quantifying Factors Associated with Personal Hygiene as Measured by the qPHAT Methodology: Andilaye Trial, Ethiopia. The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene May 2023, 108(6):1277-1286 doi 10.4269/ajtmh.22-0603 PMID: 37127265
165. Sakas Z, Hester KA, Rodriguez K, Diatta SA, Ellis, AS, Gueye DM, Matapano D, Mboup PS, Ogutu EA, Yang C, Bednarczyk RA, Freeman MC§, Sarr M. Critical success factors for high routine immunization performance: A case study of Senegal. Vaccine: X, p.100296. doi: 10.1016/j.vacx.2023.100296 PMID: 37113739 PMCID: PMC10126928
164. Levy K, Garn JV, Cumbe ZA, et al and Freeman MC§. Study design and rationale for the PAASIM project: a matched cohort study on urban water supply improvements and infant enteric pathogen infection, gut microbiome development and health in Mozambique. BMJ Open 2023;13:e067341. doi: 10.1136/bmjopen-2022-067341
163. Badr HS. et al., Kosek MN. Spatiotemporal variation in risk of Shigella infection in childhood: a global risk mapping and prediction model using individual participant data. The Lancet Global Health 2023;11.3:e373-e384.
162. Ballard AM, Laramee N, Haardörfer R, Freeman MC, Levy K, Caruso BA. Measurement in the study of human exposure to animal feces: A systematic review and audit. International Journal of Hygiene and Environmental Health 2023; 249: 114146. doi: 10.10016/j.ijheh.2023.114146 PMID: 36868140 PMCID: PMC10044406
161. Sullivan KM, Harding-Esch EM, Keil AP, Freeman MC, Batcho WE, BioIssifou AA, et al. Exploring water, sanitation, and hygiene coverage targets for reaching and sustaining trachoma elimination: G-computation analysis. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2023. 17(2): e0011103. Doi: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0011103
2022
160. Brouwer AF, Eisenberg MC, Bakker KM, Boerger SN, Zahid MH, Freeman MC§, Eisenberg JNS. Leveraging infectious disease models to interpret randomized controlled trials: Controlling enteric pathogen transmission through water, sanitation, and hygiene interventions. PLOS Computational Biology 2022: 18, e1010748. doi:10.1371/journal.pcbi.1010748
159. Sakas Z*, Uwah EA, Bhattrai RK, Garn JV, Gc KH, Mutta A, Ndlovu K, Nyaboro F, Singh RP, Rinzin U, Snyder JS, Wangdi K, Freeman MC§ Assessing Sustainability Factors for Rural Household Sanitation Coverage in Bhutan, Kenya, Nepal, and Zambia: A Qualitative Analysis. Global Health: Science and Practice 2022 10, e2100724. doi:10.9745/ghsp-d-21-00724
158. Ogutu EA, Ellis A, Rodriguez KC, Caruso BA, McClintic EE, Ventura SG, Arriola KRJ, Kowalski AJ, Linabarger M, Wodnik BK Webb-Girard A, Muga R, Freeman MC§. Determinants of food preparation and hygiene practices among caregivers of children under two in Western Kenya: a formative research study.BMC Public Health. 2022 22:1865 doi: 10.1186/s12889-022-14259-6
157. Hester K, Sakas Z, Ellis AS, Bose AS, Darwa R, Gautam J, Jaishwal C, James H, Dounebaine B, Keskinocak P, Nazzal D, Ogutu EA, Rodruigez K, Castinllo-Zunino F, Dixit S, Bednarczyk RA, Freeman MC§, and the Vaccine Exemplars Research Consortium. Critical success factors for routine immunization performance: A case study of Nepal 2000 to 2018. Vaccine X. 2022: 12(100214) doi: 1-/1016/j.jvax.2022.100214
156. Wolf J, Hubbard SH, Brauer M, Ambelu A, Arnold BA, Bain R, Bauza V, Broan J, Caruso BA, Clasen T, Colford JM, Freeman MC, Gordon B, Johnston RB, Mertens A Prüss-Ustün A, Ross I, Stanaway J, Zhao JT, Cumming O, Boisson S. Effectiveness of interventions to improve drinking water, sanitation and handwashing with soap on diarrhoeal disease in children in low- and middle-income settings: a systematic review and meta-analysis. The Lancet. 2022 400.10345:48-59.
155. Garn JV, Wilkers J, Meehan AA, Pfadenhauer LM, Burns J, Imitaz R, Freeman MC§. Interventions to improve water, sanitation, and hygiene for preventing soil-transmitted helminth infection. Cochrane Infectious Disease Group. 2022; 6
154. McClintic EE, Ellis A, Ogutu EA, Caruso BA, Ventura SG, Jacob Arriola KA, Kowalski AJ, Linabarger M, Wodnik BK, Muga R, Freeman MC, Webb Girard A. Appliation of the COM-B behavior change model to formative research for child nutrition in western Kenya. Current Developments in Nutrition. 2022; 6(7) doi: 10.1093/cdn/nzac104
153. Apanga P, Sakas Z, Freeman MC, Garn JV. Assessing the sustainability of an integrated rural sanitation and hygiene approach: A repeated cross-sectional evaluation in 10 countries. Global Health: Science and Practice. 2022; doi: 10.9745/GHSP-D-21-00564
152. Micek K, Hester K, Chanda C, Darwa R, Dounebaine B, Ellis AS, Keskinocak P, Abimbola L, Manyando M, Manyando MS, Nazzal D, Ogutu EA, Castinillo-Zunino F, Kilembe W, Bednarczyk RA, Freeman MC§, and the Vaccine Exemplars Research Consortium. Critical success factors for routine immunization performance: A case study of Zambia 2000 to 2018. Vaccine X. 2022: 11 (100166) 10.1016/j.jvacx.2022.10016
151. Micek K, Hester K, Chanda C, Darwa R, Dounebaine B, Ellis AS, Keskinocak P, Abimbola L, Manyando M, Manyando MS, Nazzal D, Ogutu EA, Castinllo-Zunino F, Kilembe W, Bednarczyk RA, Freeman MC§, and the Vaccine Exemplars Research Consortium. Critical success factors for routine immunization performance: A case study of Zambia 2000 to 2018. Vaccine X. 2022: 11 (100166) 10.1016/j.jvacx.2022.10016
150. Victor C, Vega Ocasio D, Cumbe ZA, Garn JA, Hubbard S ,Mangamela M, McGunegill S, Nalá R, Snyder JSS, Levy K, Freeman MC§. Spatial heterogeneity of neighborhood-level water and sanitation access in informal urban settlements: A cross-sectional case study in Beira, Mozambique. PLoS Water. 2022. doi: 10.1371/journal.pwat.0000022
149. Hayashi MAL, Boerger S, Zou K, Simon S, Freeman MC§, Eisenberg JNS. Shared water facilities and risk of COVID-19 in resource-poor settings: A transmission modeling study. PLoS Water. 2022. doi: 10.1371/journal.pwat.0000011
148. Bednarczyk RA, Hester KA, Dixit SM, Ellis AS, Escoffery C, Kilembe W, Micek K, Sakas ZM, Sarr M, Freeman MC§. Exemplars in vaccine delivery protocol: a case-study-based idententification and evaluation of critical factors in achieving high and sustained childhood immmunsation coverage in selected low0income and lower-middle-income countries. BMJ Open. 2022 12:e058321. doi: 10.1136/bmjopen-2021-058321
147. Anderson DM, Birken SA, Bartram J, Freeman MC§. Adaptation of water, sanitation, and hygiene interventions: A model and scoping review of key concepts and tools. Frontiers in Health Services. 2022; May doi: 10.3389/frhs.2022.896234
146. Wutich A, Rosinger A, Brewis A, Beresford M, Young S & HWISE-RCN^. Water sharing is a distressing form of reciprocity: Shame, upset, anger and conflict over water in twenty cross-cultural sites reciprocal practice: Cross-cultural evidence. American Anthropologist, 2022: 1-12 Ddoi: 10.1111aman13682.
145. Freeman MC, Delea MG, Snyder JS, Garn JV, Belew M, Caruso BA, Clasen TF, Sclar GD, Tesfaye Y, Woreta M, Zewudie K, Gobezayehu AG. The impact of a demand-side sanitation and hygiene promotion intervention on sustained behavior change and health in Amhara, Ethiopia: a cluster-randomized trial. PLOS Global Public Health 2.1 2022. e0000056.
144. Aragie S, Wittberg DM, Tadesse W, Dagnew A, Hailu D, Chernet A, Melo JS, Aiemjoy K, Haile M, Zeru T, Tadesse Z, Gwyn S, Martin DJ, Arnold BF, Freeman MC, Nash SD, Callahan EK, Porco TC, Lietman TM, Keenan J. Water, sanitation, and hygiene for control of trachoma in Ethiopia (WUHA): a two-arm, parallel-group, cluster-randomised trial. The Lancet Global Health 10.1 2022. e87-e95.
143. Anderson DM,* Gupta AK, Birken SA, Sakas Z, Freeman MC. Adaptation in rural water, sanitation, and hygiene programs: a qualitative study in Nepal. International Journal of Hygiene and Environmental Health. 2022; 240, 113919
142. Aragie S, Tadesse W, Dagnew A, Hailu D, Dubie M, Wittberg DM, Melo JS, Haile M, Zeru T, Freeman MC, Nash SD, Callahan EK, Tadesse Z, Arnold BF, Porco TC, Leitman TM, Keenan JD. Changing hygiene behaviours: a cluster-randomized trial, Ethiopia. Bulletin of the World Health Organization, 2021. 99(11), p.762.
141. Haque S & Freeman MC§. The Applications of Implementation Science in Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene (WASH) Research and Practice. Environmental Health Perspectives. 2021. Doi:10.1289/EHP7762
140. Stoler, Justin, et al., & Young S. The Household Water Insecurity Experiences (HWISE) Scale: comparison scores from 27 sites in 22 countries. Journal of Water, Sanitation and Hygiene for Development 11.6 (2021): 1102-1110.
139. Anderson, DM, Gupta AK, Birken S, Sakas Z, Freeman MC§. Successes, challenges, and support for men versus women implementers in water, sanitation and hygiene programs: a qualitative study in rural Nepal. International Journal of Hygiene and Environmental Health. 2021; 236(113792). Doi: 101.1016/j.ijheh.2021113792
2021
138. Castillo-Zunino F, Keskinocak P, Nazzal D, Freeman MC. Health spending and vaccination coverage in low-income countries. BMJ Global Health. 2021; 6:e004823.
137. Stoler J, Miller JD, Brewis A, Freeman MC, Harris LM, Jepson W, Pearson A, Rosinger AY, Shah SH, Staddon C, Workman C, Wutich A, Young SL, & HWISE-RCN^. Household Water Insecurity Will Complicate the Ongoing COVID-19 Response: Evidence from 29 Sites in 23 Low- and Middle-Income Countries. International Journal of Hygiene and Environmental Health. 2021; 234. 113715
136. Whittberg DM, Aragie S, Melo JS, Aiemjoy K, Chanyalew M, Freeman MC, Nash S, Callahan EK, Tadesse Z, Porco T, Lietman TM, Keenan JD. WASH Upgrades for Health in Amhara (WUHA): study protocol for a cluster-randomized trial in Ethiopia. BMJ Open. 2021;11:e039529. doi: 10.1136/bmjopen-2020-039529
2020
135. Carter A, Akseer N, Ho K, Rothschild O, Bose N, Binagwaho A, Hirschhorn LR, Price M, Muther K, Panjabi R, Freeman MC, Bednarczyk RA, Bhutta ZA. A framework for identifying and learning from countries that demonstrated exemplary performance in improving health outcomes and systems. BMJ Global Health. 2020; 5(12). e002938. Doi: 10.1136/bmjgh-2020-002938
134. Goddard F, Ban R, Barr DB, Brown J, Cannon J, Colford JM, Eisenberg JNS, Ercumen A, Petach H, Freeman MC, Levy K, Luby S, Moe CL, Pickering AJ, Sarnat JA, Stewart JR, Thomas EA, Taniuchi M, Clasen TF. Measuring environmental exposure to enteric pathogens in low-income settings: Review and recommendations of an interdisciplinary working group. Environmental Science and Technology. 2020 Aug. doi: 10.1021/acs.esr.0co02421
133. Freeman MC, Ellis A, Ogutu EA, Caruso BA, Linabarger M, Micek K, Muga R, Girard AW, Wodnik BK, Arriola KJ (2020) The impact of a demand-side integrated WASH and nutrition community-based care group intervention on behaviour change: a randomized-controlled trial in western Kenya. BMJ – Global Health 2020 5:e002806. doi:10.1136/bmjgh-2020-002806 PMID: 33234528 PMCID: PMC7689101
132. Phillips DE, Bhutta ZA, Binagwaho A, Binagwaho A, Boerma T, Freeman MC, Hirschhorn LR, Panjabi R, On behalf of the Exemplars in Global Health Partnership. Learning from Exemplars in Global Health: a road map for mitigating indirect effects of COVID-19 on maternal and child health. BMJ Global Health. 2020;5:e003430. doi:10.1136/bmjgh-2020-003430
131. Snyder JS, Prentice-Mott G, Boera C, Mwaki A, Alexander KT, Freeman MC.§ The sustainability and scalability of private sector sanitation service delivery in urban informal settlement schools: A mixed methods follow up of a randomized trial in Nairobi, Kenya. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2020; 17(15):5298. doi: 10/3390/ijerph17155298. PMID: 32717846.
130. Tesfaye Y, Maes K, Abesha R, Young S, Snyder JS, Gebremariam A, Freeman MC (2020) How do rural Ethiopians rate the severity of water insecurity scale items? Implications for water insecurity measurement and interventions. Human Organization 79(2) pp. 95-106
129. Delea MG, Snyder JS, Woreta M, Zewudi K, Solomon AW, Freeman MC§ (2020) Development and Reliability of a Quantitative Personal Hygiene Assessment Tool. International Journal of Hygiene and Environmental Health doi:10.1016/j.ijheh.2020.113521
128. Chard AN, Levy K, Baker KK, Chang HH, Thongpaseuth V, Sistruck JR, Freeman MC§ (2020) Environmental and spatial determinants of enteric pathogen infection in rural Lao People’s Democratic Republic: A cross-sectional study PLoS NTD doi:10.1371/journal.pntd.0008180
127. Apanga PA, Garn JV, Sakas Z, Freeman MC§ (2020) Assessing the Impact and Equity of an Integrated Rural Sanitation Approach: A Longitudinal Evaluation in 11 Sub-Saharan Africa and Asian Countries Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17(5), 1808; doi:10.3390/ijerph17051808
126. Ellis A, McClintic EE, Awino EO, Caruso BA, Arriola KRL, Ventura SG, Kowalski AJ, Linabarger M, BK, Webb-Girard A, Muga R, Freeman MC§ (2020) Practices and perspectives on latrine use, child feces disposal and clean play environments in western Kenya. American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene doi:10.4269/ajtmh.19-0389
125. Arriola K; Ellis A; Webb-Girard A; Ogutu EA; McClintic E; Caruso BA; Freeman MC§ (2020) Designing Integrated Interventions to Improve Nutrition and WASH behaviors in Kenya. Pilot and Feasibility Studies
124. Schuster RC, Butler MS, Wutich A, Miller JD, Young SL, and HWISE-RCN^ (2020) If there is no water, we cannot feed our children: The far-reaching consequences of water insecurity on infant feeding practices and infant health across 16 low- and middle-income countries. American Journal of Human Biology. ^Co-authorship credit as a consortium member
2019
123. Caruso BA, Ellis A, Sclar G, Girod C, Penakalapati G, Sahin M, Cavill S (2019) Building Qualitative Research Capacity Among Interdisciplinary Teams to Investigate Girls’ Challenges with Menstruation: Process and Lessons Learned From a 14-Country E-Course. Pedagogy in Health Promotion. doi:10.1177/2373379918811983
122. Young SL, Boateng GO, Jamaluddine Z, et al and the HWISE-RCN^ (2019) The Household Water InSecurity Experiences (HWISE) Scale: development and validation of a household water insecurity measure for low-income and middle-income countries. BMJ Global Health 4:e001750. ^Co-authorship credit as a consortium member
121. Cumming O, Arnold BF, Ban R, Clasen T, Mills JE, Freeman MC, Gordon B, Guiteras R, Howard G, Hunter PR, Johnston RB, Pickering AJ, Prendergast AJ, Prüss-Ustün A, Rosenboom JW, Spears D, Sundberg S, Wolf J, Null C, Luby SP, Humphrey JH, Colford JM (2019) The implications of three major new trials for the effect of water, sanitation and hygiene on childhood diarrhea and stunting: a consensus statement. BMC Medicine 17, 173 (2019) doi:10.1186/s12916-019-1410-x
120. Delea MD, Snyder JS, Belew M, Caruso BA, Garn JV, Sclar GD, Woreta M, Zewudie K, Gebremariam A, Freeman MC§ (2019) Design of a parallel cluster-randomized trial assessing the impact of a demand-side sanitation and hygiene intervention on sustained behavior change and mental well-being in rural and peri-urban Amhara, Ethiopia: Andilaye study protocol. BMC Public Health 19, 801 (2019) doi:10.1186/s12889-019-7040-6
119. Chard AC, Garn JV, Chang HH, Clasen T, Freeman MC§ (2019) Impact of a school-based water, sanitation, and hygiene intervention on school absence, diarrhea, respiratory infection, and soil-transmitted helminths: results from the WASH HELPS cluster-randomized trial. Journal of Global Health 9(2): 020402 doi: 10.7189/jogh.09.2020402 PMCID: 6657003 PMID: 31360445
118. Brewis A, Rosinger A, Wutich A, Adams E, Cronk L, Pearson A, Workman XC, Young S and the HWISE-RCN^ (2019) Water sharing, reciprocity, and need: A comparitive study of interhousehold water transfers in sub-Saharan Africa. Economic Anthropology doi:10.1002/sea2.12143. ^Co-authorship credit as a consortium member
117. Brewis A, Workman C, Wutich A, Jepson W, Young S, and the HWISE-RCN^ (2020) Household Water Insecurity Is Strongly Associated with Food Insecurity: Evidence from 27 Sites in Low- and Middle-Income Countries. American Journal of Human Biology, in press. ^Co-authorship credit as a consortium member
116. Reese H, Routray P, Torondel B, Sinharoy SS, Mishra S, Freeman MC, Chang HH, Clasen T (2019) Assessing longer-term effectiveness of a combined household-level piped water and sanitation intervention on child diarrhoea, acute respiratory infection, soil-transmitted helminth infection and nutritional status: a matched cohort study in rural Odisha, India. International Journal of Epidemiology doi: 10.0193/ije/dyz157
115. Freeman MC, Akogun A, Belizario Jr. V, Brooker SJ, Gyorkos TW, Imtiaz R, Krolewiecki A, Lee S, Matendechero SH, Pullan RL, Utzinger J (2019) Challenges and opportunities for control and elimination of soil-transmitted helminth infections beyond 2020. PLoS NTD 13(4): e0007201. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0007201
114. Prüss-Ustün A, Wolf J, Bartram J, Clasen T, Cumming O, Freeman MC, Gordon B, Hunter PR, Medlicott K, Johnston R (2019) Burden of disease from inadequate water, sanitation and hygiene for selected adverse health outcomes: an updated analysis with a focus on low- and middle-income countries. International Journal of Hygiene and Environmental Health 222(5) pp 765-777 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijheh.2019.05.004
113. Nery SV, Pickering AJ, Abate E, Asmare A, Barrett L, Benjamin-Chung J, Bundy DAP, Clasen T, Clements ACA, Colford Jr JM, Ercumen A, Crowley S, Cumming O, Freeman MC, Haque R; Mengistu B, Oswald WE, Pullan RL, Oliveira RG, Owen KE, Walson JL, Youya A, Brooker SJ (2019) The role of water, sanitation and hygiene interventions in reducing soil-transmitted helminths: interpreting the evidence and identifying next steps. Parasites & Vectors 12(273) doi: 10.1186/s13071-019-3532-6
112. Chard AC, Baker KK, Tsai K, Levy K, Sistruck JR, Chang HH, Freeman MC§ (2019) Associations between soil-transmitted helminthiasis and viral, bacterial, and protozoal enteroinfections: a cross-sectional study in rural Laos. Parasites & Vectors 12, 216 (2019) doi:10.1186/s13071-019-3471-2
111. Mwandawiro C, Okoyo C, Kihara J, Simiyu E, Kepha S, Campbell SJ, Freeman MC, Brooker SJ, Njenga S (2019) Results of a national school-based deworming programme on soil-transmitted helminths infection and schistosomiasis in Kenya: 2012-2017. Parasites & Vectors 12(76) doi:10.1186/s13071-019-3322-1
110. Chard AC, Trinies V, Edmonds CJ, Sogore A, Freeman MC§ (2019) The impact of water consumption on hydration and cognition among schoolchildren: Methods and results from a crossover trial in Mali. PLoS ONE 14(1) e0210568 doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0210568
109. Brewes A et al, and the HWISE-Rearch Coordination Network (2019) Water sharing, reciprocity, and need: A comparative study of interhousehold water transfers in sub-Saharan Africa. Econonomic Anthropology doi:10.1002/sea2.12143
108. Young et al, and the HWISE-Research Coordination Network (2019) Development and validation protocol for an instrument to measure household water insecurity across cultures and ecologies: the Household Water In Security Experiences (HWISE) Scale. BMJ Open. 9:e023558. doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2018-023558
2018
107. Wolf J, Johnston R, Freeman MC, Ram PK, Slaymaker T, Laurenz E, Prüss-Ustün (2018) Handwashing with soap after potential faecal contact: Global, regional and country estimates. International Journal of Epidemiology. doi:10.1093.ije.dyy253
106. Goddard FGB, Delea MG, Sclar GD, Woreta M, Zewudi K, Freeman MC§ (2018) Quantifying user preferences for sanitation construction and use: Application of discrete choice experiments in Amhara, Ethiopia. Tropical Medicine & International Health. doi: 10.1111/tmi.13163
105. Berhe R, R. Delea MG, Sclar G, Woreta M, Zewudie K, Muhammed S, Snyder J, Linabarger M, Gebremariam A, Freeman MC§ (2018) Maintaining behaviour change: innovations in demand-side sanitation and hygiene interventions. IN: Shaw, R.J. (ed). Transformation towards sustainable and resilient WASH services: Proceedings of the 41st WEDC International Conference, Nakuru, Kenya, 9-13 July 2018, Paper 2889 https://dspace.lboro.ac.uk/2134/35533
104. Delea MG, Sclar GD, Woreta M, Haardörfer R, Nagel CN, Caruso BA, Dreibelbis R, Gobezayehu AG, Clasen TF, Freeman MC§ (2018) Collective Efficacy: Development and validation of a measurement scale for use In public health and development programmes. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health. 15(10) 2139. doi: 10.3390/ijerph15102139
103. Sclar GD, Penakalapati G, Caruso B, Rehfuess EA, Garn JV, Alexander KT, Freeman MC, Boisson S, Meddlicot K, Clasen T. Exploring the relationship between sanitation and mental and social well-being: A systematic review and qualitative synthesis. Social Science and Medicine. Volume 5, 2018, pp. 257-266
102. Wodnick BK, Freeman MC, Ellis AS, Ogutu EA, Webb Girard A, Caruso BA (2018) Development and application of novel caregiver hygiene behavior measures relating to food preparation, handwashing, and play environments in rural Kenya. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health. 15(9), 1994 doi: 10.3390/ijerph15091994
101. Moss DM, Whitney MT, Chard AN, Trinies V, Doumbia S, Goodman CH, Bullard S, Wiegand RE, Freeman MC, Lammie PJ, and Chang G-J (2018) The Serological Evidence of Dengue and Chikungunya Exposures in Malian Children by Multiplex Bead Assay. International Journal of Tropical Medicine.
100. Becker SL, Liwanag HJ, Snyder J, Akogun O, Belizario V, Freeman MC, Gyorkos TW, Imtiaz R, Keiser J, Krolewiecki A, Levecke B, Mwandawiro C, Pullan RL, Addiss DG, Utzinger J (2018) Toward the 2020 goal of soil-transmitted helminthiasis control and elimination. PLoS NTD
99. Hennessee I, Guilavogui T, Camara A, Halsey ES, Marston B, McFarland D, Freeman M, and Plucinski MM (2018) Adherence to Ebola-specific malaria case management guidelines at health facilities in Guinea during the West African Ebola Epidemic. Malaria Journal 17:230 doi: 10.1186/s12936-018-2377-3
98. Moss, DM, Handali S, Chard AC, Trinies V, Bullard S, Wiegand W, Doumbia S, Freeman MC, Lammie PJ (2018) Detection of immoglobulin G anibodies to Taenia solium cysticercosis anitgen glutathione-S-transferase-rT24H in Malian children using multiplex bead assay. American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. 98(5): 1408-1412
97. Ritter RL, Peprah D, Null C, Moe CL, Armah G, Ampofo J, Wellington N, Yakubu H, Robb K, Kirby AE, Wang Y, Roguski K, Reese H, Agbemabiese CA, Adomako L, Freeman MC, Baker KK (2018) Within Compound Versus Public Latrine Access and Child Feces Disposal Practices in Low-Income Neighborhoods of Accra, Ghana. American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. 98(5): 1250-1259
96. Aiemjoy K, Aragie S, Gebresillasie S, Fry DM, Dagnew A, Hailu D, Chanyalew M, Tadesse Z, Stewart A, Callahan K, Freeman MC, Neuhaus J, Arnold BF, Kennan JD (2018) Defining Diarrhea: A Population-Based Validation Study of Caregiver-Reported Stool Consistency in the Amhara Region of Ethiopia. American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. 98(4): 1013-1020
95. Wolf J, Hunter PR, Freeman MC, Cumming O, Clasen T, Bartram J, Higgins J, Johnston R, Medlicott K, Boisson S, Prüss‐Ustün A (2018) Impact of drinking water, sanitation and hand washing with soap on childhood diarrhoeal disease: Updated meta‐analysis and -regression. Tropical Medicine & International Health. 23(5): 508-525
94. Chard AN, Trinies V, Moss DM, Chang HH, Doumbia S, Lammie PJ, Freeman MC§ (2018) The impact of school water, sanitation, and hygiene improvements on infectious disease using serum antibody detection. PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases. 12(4): e0006418
93. Chard AN, Freeman MC§ (2018) Design, intervention fidelity, and behavioral outcomes of a school-based water, sanitation, and hygiene cluster-randomized trial in Laos. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 15(4) 570
92. Baker JM, Trinies V, Bronzan RN, Dorkenoo AM, Garn JV, Sognikin S, Freeman MC§ (2018) The associations between water and sanitation and hookworm infection using cross-sectional data from Togo's national deworming program. PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases. 12(3): e0006374
91. Delahoy MJ, Wodnick B, McAliley L, Penakalapati G, Swarthout J, Freeman MC, Levy K (2018) Pathogens transmitted in feces in low- and middle-income countries. International Journal of Hygiene and Environmental Health. 221(4): 661-676
90. Penakalapati G, Swarthout J, Delahoy MJ, McAliley L, Wodnik B, Levy K, Freeman MC§ (2018) Exposure to animal feces and human health: A systematic review and proposed research priorities. Environmental Science & Technology. 51(20):11537-52.
89. Garn JV, Boisson S, Willis R, Bakhtiari A, al-Khatib T, Amer K, Batcho W, Courtright P, Dejene M, Goepogui A, Kalua K, Kebede B, McCleod C, Madeline KIM, Mbofana MSA, Mpyet C, Ndjemba J, Olobio N, Pavluck AL, Sokana O, Southisombath Khamphoua, Taleo F, Solomon A, Freeman MC§ (2018) Sanitation and water supply coverage thresholds associated with active trachoma: Modeling cross-sectional data from 13 countries. PLoS neglected tropical diseases. 12(1):e0006110.
88. Delea MG, Solomon H, Solomon AW, Freeman MC§ (2018) Interventions to maximize facial cleanliness and achieve environmental improvement for trachoma elimination: A review of the grey literature. PLoS neglected tropical diseases. 12(1):e0006178.
87. Ritter R, Peprah D, Null C, Moe C, Armah G, Ampofo J, Wellington N, Yakubu H, Robb K, Kirby A, Wang Y, Roguski K, Reese H, Agbemabiese C, Adomako L, Freeman MC, Baker K (2018) Sanitation access, usage for child feces, and household fecal contamination in low-income neighborhoods of Accra, Ghana. Environmental Science & Technology.
2017
86. Penakalapati G, Swarthout J, Delahoy MJ, McAliley L, Wodnik B, Levy K, Freeman MC§ (2017) Exposure to animal feces and human health: A systematic review and proposed research priorities. Environmental science & technology. 51(20):11537-52.
85. Delea MG, Nagel CL, Thomas EA, Halder AK, Amin N, Shoab AK, Freeman MC, Unicomb L, Clasen TF (2017) Comparison of respondent-reported and sensor-recorded latrine utilization measures in rural Bangladesh: a cross-sectional study. Transactions of The Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. 111(7):308-15.
84. Keys HM, Kaiser BN, Foster JW, Freeman MC, Stephenson R, Lund AJ, Khort BA (2017) Cholera control and anti-Haitian stigma in the Dominican Republic: from migration policy to lived experience. Anthropology & Medicine. doi: 10.1080/13648470.2017.1368829
83. Girod C*, Ellis A, Andes K, Freeman MC, Caruso BA. Physical, social, and political inequities constraining girls' menstrual management at schools in informal settlements of Nairobi, Kenya. Journal of Urban Health. doi: 10.1007/s11524-017-0189-3
82. Sinharoy SS, Freeman MC, Waid J, Stein AD (2017) Open defecation explains differences in nutritional status between Bengali and tribal children in the Chittagong Hill Tracts of Bangladesh. Ethnicity and Health. doi: 10.1080/13557858.2017.1346186
81. Sclar GD, Garn JV, Penakalapati G, Alexander KT, Krauss J, Freeman MC, Boisson S, Medlicott KO, Clasen T (2017) Effects of sanitation on cognitive development and school absence: a systematic review. International Journal of Hygiene and Environmental Health. doi: 10.1016/j.ijheh.2017.06.010
80. Freeman MC, Garn JV, Sclar GD, Alexander KT, Anderson DM, Grimes J, Mahtani AG, Penakalapati G, Rehfuess EA, Clasen TF (2017) The impact of sanitation on infectious disease and nutritional status: A systematic review and meta-analysis. International Journal of Hygiene and Environmental Health. 220(6) pp. 928-949 doi: 10.1016/j.ijheh.2017.05.007
79. Wang Y, Moe C, Null C, Raj S, Baker K, Robb K, Yakubu H, Ampofo J, Wellington, N, Freeman M, Armah, G, Reese H, Peprah D, Teunis P. (2017) Multi-pathway quantitative assessment of exposure to fecal contamination for young children in low-income urban environments in Accra, Ghana: The SaniPath analytical approach. American Jounral of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. doi: 10.4269/ajtmh.16-0408
78. Person M, Alexander KA, Bekele A, Delea M, Garn JV, Freeman MC§ (2017) Assessing the Influence of Social Capital on Water Point Sustainability in Rural Ethiopia. Waterlines. 7(2) doi: 10.2166/washdev.2017.167
77. Waite RC, Woods G, Velleman Y, Freeman MC§ (2017) Collaborating to develop joint water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) and neglected tropical disease (NTD) sector monitoring: an expert consultation. International Health. Doi: 10.1093/inthealth/ihx008
76. Oswald WE, Stewart AEP, Kramer MR, Endeshaw T, Zerihun M, Melak B, Sata E, Gessese D, Teferi T, Tadesse Z, Guadie B, King JD, Emerson PM, Callahan EK, Freeman MC, Flanders WD, Clasen TF, Moe CL (2017) Association of community sanitation usage with soil-transmitted helminth infections among school-age children in Amhara Region, Ethiopia. Parasites & Vectors. 10(91) Doi: 10.1186/s13071-017-2020-0
75. Garn JV, Brumback B, Freeman MC§. Author response to letter to editor. Epidemiology. In press
74. Garn JV, Brumback BA, Drews-Botsch CD, Lash TL, Kramer MR, Freeman MC§ (2016) Using structural nested models to estimate the effect of school water, sanitation, and hygiene (WaSH) improvements on pupil diarrhea and soil-transmitted helminth infection. Epidemiology. PMID:27276028
73. Trinies V, Garn JV, Toubkiss J, Freeman MC§. The role of adherence on the impact of a school-based water, sanitation, and hygiene intervention in Mali. American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. doi:10.4269/ajtmh.16-0558
72. Moss D, Chard A, Trinies V, Doumbia S, Freeman MC, Lammie P. (2017) Serological response to fiarial antigens in Malain children attending elementary schools. American Journal of Tropical Medicine & Hygiene. doi:10.4269/ajtmh.16-0560
2016
71. Bohnert K*, Chard AN*, Mwaki A, Kirby AE, Muga R, Nagel CL, Thomas EA, Freeman MC§ (2016) Comparing sanitation delivery modalities in urban informal settlement schools: A randomized trial in Nairobi, Kenya. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 13(12) 1189 doi:10.3390/ijerph13121189
70. Rogier E, Moss DM, Chard AN*, Trinies V, Doumbia S, Freeman MC, Lammie PJ (2016) Evaluation of immunoglobulin g responses to Plasmodium falciparum and P. vivax in Malian school children using multiplex bead assay. American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. doi:10.4269/ajtmh/16-0476
69. Sclar GD, Penakalapati G, Garn JV, Alexander KT, Amato H, Freeman MC, Clasen TF (2016) Assessing the Impact of Sanitation on Indicators of Fecal Exposure Along Principal Transmission Pathways: A Systematic Review. International Journal of Hygiene and Environmental Health. 219 pp. 709-723 doi: 10.1016/j.ijheh.2016.09.021
68. Garn JV, Sclar GD, Freeman MC, Penakalapati G, Alexander KT, Brooks P, Rehfuess EA, Clasen TF (2016) The Impact of Sanitation Interventions on Latrine Coverage and Latrine Use: a Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. International Journal of Hygiene and Environmental Health. doi:10.1016/j.ijheh.2016.10.001
67. Hadley C & Freeman MC. (2016) Assessing reliability, change after intervention, and performance of a water insecurity scale in rural Ethiopia. Food Security doi:10.1007/s12571-016-0599-1
66. Okoyo CO, Nikolay B, Kihara J, Simiyu E, Garn JV, Freeman, MC, Mwanje MT, Mukoko DA, Brooker SJ, Pullan RL, Njenga SM, Mwandawiro CS. (2016) Monitoring the impact of a national school based deworming programme on soil-transmitted helminths in Kenya: The first three years, 2012 – 2014. Parasites and Vectors. 9(408) doi: 10.1186/s13071-016-1679-y
65. Alexander KT, Mwaki A, Adhiambo D, Cheney-Coker M, Muga R, Freeman MC§. (2016) The life-cycle costs of school water, sanitation and hygiene access in Kenyan primary schools. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 13(7), 637; doi:10.3390/ijerph13070637
64. Freeman MC, Majorin F, Boisson S, Routray P, Torondel B, Clasen T (2016) The impact of a rural sanitation programme on safe disposal of child faeces: a cluster randomized trial in Odisha, India. (2016) Transactions of the Royal Society for Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. 110(7): 386-392. doi:10.1093/trstmh/trw043
63. Freeman MC, Strunz E*, Utzinger J, Addiss DG (2016) Interventions to improve water, sanitation, and hygiene for preventing soil-transmitted infection. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. Issue 5 doi:10.1002/14651858.CD012199
62. Stevenson EGJ, Ambelu A, Caruso BA, Tesfaye Y, Freeman MC§ (2016) Community water improvement, household water insecurity, and women’s psychological distress: An intervention and control study in Ethiopia. PLoS ONE. 11(4): e0153432. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0153432
61. Bresee S, Caruso BA, Sales J, Freeman MC§ (2016) “A Child is also a Teacher”: Exploring the Potential for Children as Change Agents in the Context of a School-based WASH Intervention in Rural Eastern Zambia. Health Education Research. doi:10.1093/her/cyw022
60. Trinies V, Garn JV, Chang HH, Freeman MC§ (2016) The impact of a comprehensive school WASH program on absenteeism, diarrhea, and respiratory infection symptoms: a matched-control trial in Mali. American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. 94(6) pp.1418-1425. doi:10.4269/ajtmh.15-0757.
59. Trinies V, Chard AN*, Mateo T, Freeman MC§ (2016) Effects of water provision and hydration on cognitive function among primary-school pupils in Zambia: a randomized trial. PLoS ONE. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0150071
58. Garn JV*, Mwandawiro CS, Nikolay B, Drews-Botsch CD, Kihara JH, Brooker SJ, Simiyu EW, Okoyo C, Freeman MC§ (2016) Ascaris lumbricoides infection following school based deworming in Western Kenya: assessing the role of pupils’ school and home water, sanitation and hygiene exposures. American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. doi: 10/4269/ajtmh.15-0362
57. Conkle J*, Ramakrishnan U, Freeman MC§ (2016) Prechewing infant food, consumption of sweets and dairy, and not breastfeeding are associated with increased diarrhea risk of ten month old infants in the USA. Maternal & Child Nutrition. Doi: 10.1111/mcn.12303
56. Waite RC*, Velleman Y, Woods G, Chitty A, Freeman MC§ (2015) Integration of water, sanitation and hygiene for the control of neglected tropical dseases: A review of progress and the way forward. International Health. 8 (Suppl 1): i22–i27 doi:10.1093/inthealth/ihw003
55. Ellis A, Haver J, Villasenor J, Parawan A, Venkatesh M, Freeman MC, Caruso BA (2016) WASH Challenges to girls’ menstrual hygiene management in Metro Manila, Masbate and South Central Mindanao, Philippines. Waterlines. 35(3), pp. 306–323. doi: 10.3362/1756-3488.2016.022
2015
54. Stocks M, Freeman MC, Addiss DA (2015) The effect of hygiene-based lymphedema management in lymphatic filariasis-endemic areas: A systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases. doi: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0004171
53. Dreibelbis RD, Jenkin M, Chase R, Torondel B, Routray P, Boisson S, Clasen T, Freeman MC§ (2015) Development of a multi-dimensional scale to assess attitudinal determinants of sanitation uptake and use. Environmental Science and Technology. 49 (22), pp 13613-13621 doi: 10.10021/acs.est.5b02985
52. Nikolay B, Mwandawiro CS , Kihara JH, Okoyo C, Cano J, Mwanje MT, Sultani H, Alusala D, Turner HC, Teti C, Garn J, Freeman MC, Allen E, Anderson RM, Pullan RL, Njenga SM, Brooker SJ. (2015) Understanding heterogeneity in the impact of national neglected tropical disease control programmes: evidence from school-based deworming in Kenya. PLoS NTD. doi:10.1371/journal.pntd.0004108
51. Collender PA, Kirby AE, Addiss DA, Freeman MC§, Remais JV (2015) Methods for quantification of soil-transmitted helminths in environmental media: Current techniques and recent advances. Trends in Parasitology. 31(12) pp. 625–639
50. Freeman MC, Chard AN*, Nikolay B, Garn JV*, Okoyo C, Kihara J, Njenga S, Rachel RL, Brooker SJ, Mwandawiro CS (2015) Associations between school- and household-level water, sanitation and hygiene conditions and soil-transmitted helminths infection among Kenyan school children Parasites & Vectors. 8:412 doi:10.1186/s13071-015-1024-x
49. Brooker SJ, Mwandawiro CS, Halliday K, Njenga S, Carlos M; Gichuki P, Athuman C, Hugo T, Teti C, Gwayi-Chore C, Truscott J, Hollingsworth Deirdre, Balabanova D, Griffiths U, Freeman MC, Allen E, Anderson R (2015) Interrupting transmission of soil-transmitted helminths: a study protocol for cluster randomised trials evaluating alternative treatment strategies and delivery systems in Kenya. BMJ Open. 5(10): e008950. doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2015-008950
48. Padhi BK, Baker KK, Dutta A, Cumming O, Freeman MC, Satpathy R, Das B, Panigrahi P (2015) Risk of Adverse Pregnancy Outcomes among Women Practicing Poor Sanitation in Rural India: A Population-Based Prospective Study. PLoS Medicine. 12 (7): e1001851. doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.1001851
47. Sahoo K, Hulland K, Caruso BA, Swain R, Freeman MC, Panigrahi P, Dreibelbis R (2015) Sanitation-related psychosocial stress: A grounded theory study of women across the life-course in Odisha, India. Social Science & Medicine. 130 pp. 80-89 doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2015.06.031
46. Fry D*, Mideksa D, Ambelu A, Feyisa Y, Abaire B, Cunliff K, Freeman MC§ (2015) Adoption and sustained use of the arborloo in rural Ethiopia: A cross-sectional study. Journal of Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene for Development. 5 (3) 412-425; DOI: 10.2166/washdev.2015.149
45. Lund A*, Keyes H, Foster J, Freeman MC§ (2015) Prevalence of cholera risk factors among migrant Haitian and Dominicans in the Dominican Republic. Pan American Journal of Public Health. 37(3): 125-132.
44. Grimes JET, Croll D, Harrison W, Utzinger J, Freeman MC, Templeton M (2015) The role of water, sanitation, and hygiene in reducing schistosomiasis: a review. Parasites and Vectors. doi:10.1371/journal.pntd.0003296
43. Alexander KT, Tesfaye Y, Dreibelbis R, Abaire B, Freeman MC§ (2015) Governance and functionality of community water schemes in rural Ethiopia. International Journal of Public Health. doi:10.1007/s00038-015-0675-x
42. Long JL*, Caruso BA, Mamani M, Camacho G, Vancraeynest K, Freeman MC§ (2015) Developing Games as a Qualitative Method for Researching Menstrual Hygiene Management in Rural Bolivia. Waterlines. doi:10.3362/1756-3488.2015.007
41. Trinies V, Caruso BA, Toubkiss J, Sogore A, Freeman MC§ (2015) Uncovering the challenges to menstrual hygiene management in schools in Mali. Waterlines. doi:10.3362/1756-3488.2015.004
2014
40. Grimes JET, Croll D, Harrison W, Utzinger J, Freeman MC, Templeton M (2014) The relationship between water, sanitation and schistosomiasis: A systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases. doi:10.1371/journal.pntd.0003296
39. Liang S, Yang C, Zhong B, Guo J, Li H, Carlton EJ, Freeman MC, Remais JV (2014) Surveillance systems for neglected tropical diseases: global lessons from China’s evolving schistosomiasis reporting systems, 1949-2014. Emerging Themes in Epidemiology. 11(19) doi:10.1186/1742-7622-11-19
38. Clasen T, Boisson S, Routray P, Torondel B, Bell M, Cumming O, Ensink J, Freeman MC, Jenkins M, Odagiri M, Ray S, Sinha A, Suar M, Schmidt W-P (2014) The effectiveness of a rural sanitation programme in Orissa, India on diarrhea soil-transmitted helminths infection and child malnutrition: A cluster-randomized trial. Lancet Global Health. 2(11): e645-e653 doi:10.1016/s2214-109x(14)70307-9
37. Hodges M, Belle JH, Carlton EJ, Liang S, Li H, Luo W, Freeman MC, Liu Y, Gao Y, Hess JH, Remais JV (2014) Climate change blunts progress reducing infectious disease attributable to unsafe water and sanitation in China. Nature Climate Change. doi:10.1038/nclimate2428
36. Garn JV*, Caruso BA, Drews-Botsch CD, Kramer MR, Brumback BA, Rheingans RD, Freeman MC§ (2014) Factors associated with pupil toilet latrine use in Kenyan primary schools. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Helth 11: 9694-9711. doi:10.3390/ijerph110909694
35. Yerian S*, Hennink M, Greene LE, Kiptugen D, Buri J, Freeman MC§ (2014) The role of women in water management and conflict resolution in Marsabit, Kenya. Environmental Management. doi 10.1007/s00267-014-0356-1
34. Jenkins MW, Freeman MC, Routray P (2014) Measuring the safety of excreta disposal behavior in India with the new safe san index: Reliability, validity and utility. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health . 11(8): 8319-46 doi:10.3390/ijerph110808319
33. Caruso BA, Freeman MC, Garn JV*, Dreibelbis R, Saboori S, Muga R, Rheingans R (2014) Assessing the impact of a school-based latrine cleaning and handwashing program on pupil absence in Nyanza Province, Kenya: a cluster-randomized trial. Tropical Medicine and International Health 19(10): 1185-97. doi:10.1111/tmi/12360
32. Gass K*, Addiss DG, Freeman MC§ (2014) Exploring the relationship between access to water, sanitation and hygiene and soil-transmitted helminth infection: A demonstration of two recursive partitioning tools. PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases. 8(6): e2945. doi:10.1371/journal.pntd.0002945
31. Freeman MC, Stocks M, Cumming O, Jeandron A, Higgins JPT, Wolf J, Prüss-Ustün A, Bonjour S, Hunter PR, Fewtrell L, Curtis V. (2014) Hygiene and health: systematic review of handwashing practices worldwide and update of health effects. Tropical Medicine and International Health 19(8): 906-16. doi: 10.1111/tmi.12339
30. Prüss-Ustün A, Bartram J, Clasen T, Colford JM, Cumming O, Curtis V, Bonjour S, Dangour AD, De France J, Fewtrell L, Freeman MC, Gordon B, Hunter PR, Johnston RB, Mathers C, Mäusezahl D, Medlicott K, Neira M, Stocks M, Wolf J, Cairncross S. (2014) Burden of diarrhoeal disease from inadequate water, sanitation and hygiene in low- and middle-income settings: a retrospective analysis of data from 145 countries. Tropical Medicine and International Health 19(8): 894-905. doi: 10.1111/tmi.12329
29. Wolf J, Prüss-Ustün A, Cumming O, Bartram J, Bonjour S, Cairncross S, Clasen T, Colford JM, Curtis V, De France J, Fewtrell L, Freeman MC, Gordon B, Hunter PR, Jeandron A, Johnston RB, Maüsezahl D, Mathers C, Neira M, Higgins J. (2014) Assessing the impact of drinking water and sanitation on diarrhoeal disease in low- and middle-income settings: A systematic review and meta-regression. Tropical Medicine and International Health 19(8): 928-942. doi: 10.1111/tmi.12331
28. Pullan R, Freeman MC, Geithing P, Brooker S (2014) Geographical inequalities in use of improved drinking water supply and sanitation across sub-Saharan Africa: Mapping and spatial analysis of cross-sectional survey data. PLos Medicine 11(4): e1001626. doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.1001626 **See the maps here**
27. Zambrano L*, Levy K, Menezes N*, Freeman MC§ (2014) Human diarrhoea infections associated with domestic animal husbandry: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. 108(6): 313-325. doi: 10.1093/trstmh/tru056 **Editor's choice**
26. Strunz EC*, Addiss DG, Stocks ME*, Ogden S, Utzinger J, Freeman MC§ (2014) Water, sanitation, hygiene, and soil-transmitted helminth infection: A systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS Medicine 11(3): e1001620 doi: 10.1371/journal.pmed.1001620
25. Stocks ME*, Ogden S, Haddad D, Addiss DG, McGuire C*, Freeman MC§ (2014) Effect of Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene on the Prevention of Trachoma: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. PLoS Medicine 11(2): e1001605. doi: 10.1371/journal.pmed.1001605
24. Majorin F*, Freeman MC, Barnard S, Routray P, Boisson S, et al. (2014) Child Feces Disposal Practices in Rural Orissa: A Cross Sectional Study. PLoS ONE 9(2): e89551. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0089551
2013
23. Brumback B, He Z, Prasad M, Freeman MC, Rheingans R (2013) Using stuctural-nested models to estimate the effects of cluster-level adherence on individual –level outcomes with a three-arm cluster-randomized trial. Statistics in Medicine 33(9): 1490-1502. doi: 10.1002/sim.6049
22. Erhard L*, DeGabriele J, Naughton, D, Freeman MC§ (2013) Policy and provision of WASH in schools for children with disabilities: A case study in Malawi and Uganda. Global Public Health 8(9): 1000-1013 doi: 10.1080/17441692.2013.838284
21. Freeman MC, Clasen T, Brooker S, Akoko D, Rheingans R (2013) The impact of a school-based hygiene, water quality, and sanitation intervention on soil-transmitted helminth reinfection: a cluster-randomized trial. American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 89(5): 875-883. doi:10.4269/ajtmh.13-0237
20. Freeman MC, Ogden S, et al. (2013) Integration of Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene for the Prevention and Control of Neglected Tropical Diseases: A rationale for inter-sectoral collaboration. PLoS Nelgected Tropical Diseases 7(9) e2439. doi: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0002439
19. Saboori S*; Greene LE; Moe CL; Freeman MC; Caruso B*; Akoko D; Rheingans, R (2013) The impact of regular soap provision to primary schools on hand washing and E. coli hand contamination among pupils in Nyanza Province, Kenya: A cluster-randomized trial. American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hyigiene 89(4): 698-708. doi: 10.4269/ajtmh.12-0387
18. Fehr A*, Sahin M, Freeman MC§ (2013) Sub-national inequities in Philippine water access associated with poverty and water potential. Journal of Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene for Development. 3(4): 638–645. doi:10.2166/washdev.2013.115
17. Freeman MC, Clasen T, Dreibelbis R, Greene LE, Saboori S, Brumback B, Muga R, Rheingans R (2013) The impact of a school-based water supply and treatment, hygiene, and sanitation programme on pupil diarrhoea: A cluster-randomized trial. Epidemiology and Infection 142(2): 340-51. doi: 10.1017/S0950268813001118 Download the .pdf
16. Garn J*, Greene LE, Dreibelbis R, Saboori S, Rheingans R, Freeman MC§ (2013) A cluster-randomized trial assessing the impact of school water, sanitation, and hygiene improvements on pupil enrollment and gender parity in enrollment. Journal of Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene for Development 3(4):592-601. doi: 10.2166/washdev.2013.217
15. Dreibelbis R, Freeman MC, Greene LE, Saboori S, Rheingans R (2013) The impact of school water, sanitation, and hygiene interventions on the health of younger siblings of school-going pupils: A cluster-randomized trial. American Journal of Public Health. 104(1): e91-7. doi: 10.2105/AJPH.2013.301412
14. Alexander K, Dreibelbis R, Freeman MC, Ojeny B, Rheingans R. (2012) Improving service delivery of water, sanitation, and hygiene in primary schools: A cluster-randomized trial in Western Kenya. Journal of Water and Health 11(3): 507-519 doi: 10.2166/wh.2013.213
2012
13. Clasen T, Boisson S, Routray P, Cumming O, Jenkins M, Ensink JHJ, Bell M, Freeman MC, Peppin S, Schmidt W-P (2012) The effect of improved rural sanitation on diarrhoea and helminth infection: design of a cluster-randomized trial in Orissa, India. Emerging Themes in Epidemiology 9(7) doi: 10.1186/1742-7622-9-7
12. Freeman MC, Trinies V*, Mak G*, Boisson S, Clasen T. (2012) Promoting household water treatment through women’s self help groups in Rural India: Assessing impact on drinking water quality and equity. PLoS ONE 7 (9): e44068 doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0044068
11. Freeman MC, Snel M, Yousif ME, Gitahi S, Kahn F, Wachira S, Krukkert I. (2012) The use of urinals in Kenyan schools. Waterlines 31(3): 226-239. doi: 10.3362/1756-3488.2012.023
10. Dreibelbis R, Greene LE, Freeman MC, Saboori S, Chase, R, Rheingans R. (2012) Water, sanitation, and primary school attendance: a multi-level assessment of determinants of household-reported absence in Kenya. International Journal of Education Development 33(5):457-65. doi: 10.1016/j.ijedudev.2012.07.002
9. Greene LE, Freeman MC, Akoko D, Saboori S, Moe CL, Rheingans R. (2012) Impact of a school-based hygiene promotion and sanitation intervention on pupil hand contamination in western Kenya: a cluster randomized trial. American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 87(3): 385-393. doi: 10.4269/ajtmh.2012.11-0633
8. Freeman MC, Greene LE, Dreibelbis R, Saboori S, Muga R, Brumback B, Rheingans R. (2012) Assessing the impact of a school-based water treatment, hygiene and sanitation programme on pupil absence in Nynaza Province, Kenya: a cluster-randomized trial. Tropical Medicine and International Health 17(3): 380-391. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-3156.2011.02927.x
2006-2011
7. Freeman MC, Clasen T. (2011) Assessing the impact of a school-based safe water intervention on household adoption of point-of-use water treatment practices in Southern India. American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 84(3): 370-8 doi: 10.4269/ajtmh.2011.10-0361
6. Birdthistle I, Dickson K, Javidi L, Freeman MC, Javidi L . (2011). What impact does the provision of separate toilets for girls at school have on their primary and secondary school enrolment, attendance and completion? A systematic review of evidence. London: MARCH Centre at LSHTM and EPPI-Centre, University of London. http://www.3ieimpact.org/en/evidence/systematic-reviews/details/70/
5. Trinies V, Freeman MC, Henninck M, Clasen T. (2011) The role of social networks on the adoption of household water filters by members of women’s self-help groups in rural India. Journal of Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene for Development 1(4): 224-232. doi: 10.2166/washdev.2011.127
4. Saboori S, Mwaki A, Oketch B, Porter S, Freeman MC, Rheingans R. (2011) Sustaining school washing and water treatment programmes: Lessos learned and to be learned. Waterlines 30(4): 298-311. doi: 10.3362/1756-3488.2011.040
3. Freeman MC, Quick RE, Ougtu P. Abbott DP, Rheingans R. (2009) Increasing equity of access to point-of-use water treatment products through social marketing and entrepreneurship: A case study in Western Kenya. Journal of Water and Health 7(3): 527-34. doi: 10.2166/wh.2009.063
2. O’Rielly CE, Freeman MC, Ravani M, Migele J, Mwaki A, Ayalo M, Ombeki S, Hoekstra RM, Quick R. (2008) The impact of a school-based safe water and hygiene program on knowledge and practices of students and their parents — Nyanza Province, western Kenya, 2006. Epidemiology and Infection 136(1):80-91. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0950268807008060
1. Rheingans R, Dreibelbis R, Freeman MC. (2006) Beyond the Millennium Development Goals: Public Health Challenges in Water and Sanitation. Global Public Health 1(1): 31-48. doi: 10.1080/17441690500443139